Alcance
0.1 This document gives a number of examples, which are worked out in considerable detail to illustrate the principles presented in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) for evaluating and reporting uncertainty in measurement. Together with the (shorter) examples included in the other parts of the GUM, they should enable users of the GUM to put these principles into practice in their own work.0.2 Because the examples are for illustrative purposes, they have by necessity been simplified (but not over-simplified). Moreover, because they and the numerical data used in them have been chosen mainly to demonstrate the principles of the GUM, neither they nor the data should necessarily be interpreted as describing real measurements, let alone the state of the art for a particular measurement. Although the data were used as provided, all calculations retained the full computational precision of the systems employed. Final and intermediate results have been rounded appropriately to suit the intended applications.0.3 The examples are used to demonstrate, among other:— Using knowledge about a quantity to obtain an estimate of the quantity and its associated uncertainty;— Propagation of uncertainty using the law of propagation of uncertainty (LPU) as in JCGM 100:2008 and JCGM 102:2011;— Propagation of distributions using analytical and numerical methods, including the Monte Carlo method (MCM), as in JCGM 101:2008 and JCGM 102:2011;— Applying law of propagation of uncertainty (LPU) and MCM for a univariate (scalar) and multivariate (vector) measurand;— Applying LPU and MCM for independent and dependent input quantities;— Using MCM to validate the results provided by LPU;— Determining a coverage interval or a coverage region;— Using measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment as in JCGM 106:2012;— Reporting measurement results.0.4 An overview of the parts of the GUM suite is given in [14]. The conventions and notation applied in this document are summarised in Annex A. The symbols used throughout the document are explained in the text and in Annex B.
